To write to a text file in Python, you have to use the open() and write() functions. The open() function takes two parameters: file name and file access mode. The returned value of open() is the file object.

To use CSV files in Python, you have to import the CSV module. It offers functions that can read the file (csv.reader) or read and map it to a dictionary (csv.DictReader).

The index and find functions return the position of a character or a substring inside a string. They both take a single parameter, that is required. The two additional parameters: __start and __end are optional.

The index function returns the position of an item in a list. The function takes up to three parameters. One of them is required and the other two are optional.

When you multiply each element of a list, you create a new list with each value from the original list multiplied by a specific number.

If you need to create a list from range, you can use the list constructor. This constructor will convert a range into list elements.

To convert an Excel spreadsheet into JSON, first, you have to import the necessary modules: one for reading an Excel file and the second one for converting this data into the JSON format.

The easiest way to check whether the string is empty is to use the len function. This function is going to return the length of a string.

The slice notation in Python is easy to understand. If you want to get a range of a list, you have to give the start and end value.

Whitespace is a character or set of characters that represents vertical or horizontal space.

The split function takes a single optional argument. If you use this function without a parameter, it separates words by single or series of whitespace characters, as long as there is no other character between them.